RT Book, Section A1 KISNER, CAROLYN A1 ARMSTRONG, CINDY JOHNSON A2 Kisner, Carolyn A2 Borstad, John A2 Colby, Lynn Allen SR Print(0) ID 1196329789 T1 The Elbow and Forearm Complex T2 Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques, 8e YR 2023 FD 2023 PB F. A. Davis Company PP New York, NY SN 9781719640473 LK fadavisat.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1196329789 RD 2024/03/29 AB A freely mobile but strong and stable elbow complex is required for normal upper extremity function. The design of the elbow and forearm adds to the mobility of the hand in space by shortening and lengthening the upper extremity and by rotating the forearm. The muscles provide control and stability to the region as the hand is used for various activities, from eating, dressing, and grooming to pushing, pulling, turning, lifting, throwing, catching, and reaching for objects to coordinated use of equipment, tools, and machines.69,74,87 Most activities of daily living require a 100° arc of flexion and extension at the elbow, specifically between 30° and 130°, as well as 100° of forearm rotation, equally divided between pronation and supination.69,74 Tasks such as drinking and eating primarily require elbow flexion, whereas a task such as throwing a ball and reaching to tie shoelaces requires substantial elbow extension.