TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - The Elbow and Forearm Complex A1 - KISNER, CAROLYN A1 - ARMSTRONG, CINDY JOHNSON A2 - Kisner, Carolyn A2 - Borstad, John A2 - Colby, Lynn Allen PY - 2023 T2 - Therapeutic Exercise: Foundations and Techniques, 8e AB - A freely mobile but strong and stable elbow complex is required for normal upper extremity function. The design of the elbow and forearm adds to the mobility of the hand in space by shortening and lengthening the upper extremity and by rotating the forearm. The muscles provide control and stability to the region as the hand is used for various activities, from eating, dressing, and grooming to pushing, pulling, turning, lifting, throwing, catching, and reaching for objects to coordinated use of equipment, tools, and machines.69,74,87 Most activities of daily living require a 100° arc of flexion and extension at the elbow, specifically between 30° and 130°, as well as 100° of forearm rotation, equally divided between pronation and supination.69,74 Tasks such as drinking and eating primarily require elbow flexion, whereas a task such as throwing a ball and reaching to tie shoelaces requires substantial elbow extension. SN - PB - F. A. Davis Company CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/04 UR - fadavisat.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1196329789 ER -