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Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter, the student will be able to:
Differentiate between the two major classifications of diabetes mellitus.
Understand the etiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Recognize the signs and symptoms, adverse effects, and complications of diabetes mellitus.
Understand basic glucose metabolism and how insulin affects diabetes mellitus control.
Recognize and identify appropriate blood glucose levels for an individual with diabetes.
Recognize the benefits of diet and exercise for an individual with diabetes.
Identify and recognize the different devices for insulin administration and injection.
Differentiate between the types, onset, duration, and peak action of insulin.
Differentiate between the types and responses of oral antidiabetic agents for treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Recognize the adverse effects of insulin and oral antidiabetic agent therapy.
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According to the American Diabetes Association, approximately 34.2 million people in the United States have diabetes.1 It is estimated that 1.5 million people are diagnosed each year (Table 4–1). Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death with an overall cost to society of approximately $327 billion.
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Complications from diabetes include blindness, kidney disease, heart disease, stroke, impotence, and nontraumatic lower limb amputations (Box 4–1). Individuals from specific ethnic backgrounds, such as Latinos, African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Pacific islanders, are at a higher risk of developing diabetes. Obesity is also a risk factor.
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BOX 4–1 Complications of Diabetes
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DEFINITION OF DIABETES
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The term diabetes mellitus stems from the Latin words diabetes, meaning “siphon,” and mellitus, meaning “sweet.” Diabetes ...