Pharmacology Application in Athletic Training

Glossary

Adenomatous—pertaining to a benign tumor composed of epithelial cells

Adulteration—the addition or substitution of an impure, weaker, cheaper, or possibly toxic substance in a formulation or product

Affinity—a force causing agents to combine

Agonist—a drug that binds to the receptor and stimulates the receptor's function

Alimentary—pertaining to the digestive tract

Alopecia—the absence or loss of hair

Anabolic—the building of tissues

Anaerobe—a microorganism that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen

Androgenic—causing masculinization

Antigenic—the ability to produce antibodies

Antiperistaltic—the loss of the wave of contractions in the gastrointestinal tract moving toward the end point

Antagonists—a drug that has affinity for a cell receptor and, by binding to it, prevents the cell from responding to an agonist

Arthropathy—general term for joint disease

Ataxia—defective muscular coordination

Atrial fibrillation—quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual cardiac muscle fibers

Attenuated—to make less virulent

Autoimmune—a condition in which antibodies are produced against the body's own tissues

Bactericidal—capable of killing bacteria

Bacteriostatic—inhibiting or retarding bacterial growth

Basal—baseline or resting

Bioavailability—the rate and extent to which an active drug or metabolite enters the general circulation, permitting access to the site of action

Bioequivalence—pertaining to a drug that has the same effect on the body as another drug, usually one nearly identical in its chemical formulation

Bolus—dose of medication administered rapidly or all at once to decrease the response time

Buccal—relating to the cheek or mouth

Capsid—the protein covering around the central core of a virus

Capsule—a special container made of gelatin, sized for a single dose of a drug

Centrally acting— pertaining to a drug or medication that works through the central nervous system

Cardiomyopathy—any disease that affects the heart muscle, diminishing cardiac performance

Chemotactic—the movement of additional white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators by neutrophils, monocytes, and injured tissue

Device—an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including any component, part, or accessory, which is intended for the use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals

Direct acting—pertaining to a drug or medication that works directly on a specific site or tissue

Dissolution—the process by which a solid enters into solution

Dyslipidemia—abnormal amount of lipids in the blood

Efficacy—the ability to produce a desired effect

Elixir—a clear liquid containing water, alcohol, sweeteners, or flavors; used in the compounding of oral medicines

Endogenous—produced or originating from within a cell or organism

Enkephalin—a peptide produced in the brain, which acts as an opioid to produce analgesia

Enteral—within or by way of the intestine

Ergogenic—having the ability to increase work, especially to increase the potential for work output

Exogenous—originating outside an organ or part

Formulary—a continually revised compilation of pharmaceuticals

Gluconeogenesis—the formation of glucose from excess amino acids, fats, or other noncarbohydrate sources

Glucocorticoid—a general classification of adrenal cortical hormones that are primarily active in protecting against stress and in affecting protein and carbohydrate metabolism

Glycogenolysis—a biochemical process occurring chiefly in the liver and the muscles by which glycogen is broken down into glucose

Gram-negative—pertaining to inability of bacteria to retain the color of the staining procedure

Gram-positive—pertaining to ability of bacteria to retain the color of the violet staining procedure

Guild—an association of people with similar interests or pursuits

Gynecomastia—enlargement of breast tissue in a male

Hematocrit—the volume of erythrocytes packed by centrifugation in a given volume of blood. It is expressed as the percentage of total blood volume that consists of erythrocytes

Hepatotoxic—toxic to the liver

Hirsutism—condition characterized by excessive growth of hair or the presence of hair in unusual places

Hyperglycemia—increase in blood glucose

Hyperinsulinism—a relative or absolute excess of insulin in the blood

Hyperplasia—increase in the number of cells

Hypertension— abnormally high blood pressure

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy—impaired filling of the left ventricular chamber of the heart caused by a disorganized growth of the myofibrils and a thickening of the ventricular wall, leading to arrhythmic activity.

Hypertrophy—an increase in the size of an organ or structure

Hypoglycemia—decrease of blood glucose

Jaundice—a condition marked by yellow staining of body tissues and fluids as a result of excessive levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream

Ketoacidosis—acidosis produced by the presence of excessive amounts of ketones in the body

Ketone—a substance containing the carbonyl group attached to hydrocarbon groups

Latency—the period of inactivity between the time a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs

Lipogenic—producing fat

Macrotrauma—tissue damage from a single, highforce traumatic event

Microtrauma—tissue damage as a result of chronic, repetitive stresses to local tissues (most often tendons)

Nephrotoxicity—toxicity to the kidneys

Neutrophil—the most common type of white blood cell, responsible for the majority of the body's protection from infection

Non-productive cough—a dry, hacking cough that keeps one up at night and does not produce any mucus or excessive lung drainage

Nonproprietary—the name of a drug other than its trademarked name

Ointment—a viscous, semisolid vehicle used to apply medicines to the skin

Opioids—any drug containing or derived from opium.

Parenteral—denoting any medication route other than the alimentary canal

Pharmacodynamics—the study of drugs and their actions on living organisms

Pharmacokinetics—the study of metabolism and action of drugs with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body, and method of excretion

Pharmacopeia—a book containing formulas and information that provides a standard for preparation and dispensation of drugs

Phocomelia—a congenital malformation in which the proximal portions of the extremities are poorly developed or absent

Photosensitivity—increased sensitivity to light

Postprandial—following a meal

Potency—the relative pharmacologic activity of a dose of a compound compared with the dose of a different agent producing the same effects

Potentiation—the synergistic action of two substances, such as hormones or drugs, in which the total effects are greater than the sum of the independent effects of the two substances

Precipitation—the process of a substance being separated from a solution

Prohormone—a precursor of a hormone

Proprietary—pertaining to the trade name of a drug

Purity—state of being free of contamination

Rebound effect—a reflex response in which there is a sudden increase in activity when a stimulus is withdrawn

Recombinant—pertains to the genetic material combined from different sources

Reconstitution—the return of a substance previously altered from preservation and storage to its original state

Rescue inhaler—a bronchodilating metered dose inhaler used during an asthma exacerbation

Rhabdomyolysis—an acute, sometimes fatal disease in which the byproducts of skeletal muscle destruction accumulate in the renal tubules and produce acute renal failure

Sinus arrhythmia—cardiac irregularity marked by a variation in the interval between the sinus beats, evidenced by alternately long and short intervals between the P waves on the electrocardiogram

Solubility—the capability of being dissolved

Solution—a liquid containing a dissolved substance

Somnolence—prolonged drowsiness or sleepiness

Suppository—a semisolid substance for introduction into the rectum, vagina, or urethra, where it dissolves

Tablet—a small disk-like mass of medicinal powder

Threshold—point at which a physiological effect begins to be produced

Tinea—any fungal skin disease

Tolerance—decreased sensitivity to subsequent doses of the same drug

Vehicle—an inert agent that carries the active ingredient in a medicine

Answers to Chapter Questions

Pop-up div Successfully Displayed

This div only appears when the trigger link is hovered over. Otherwise it is hidden from view.

Glossary

Send Email

Citation

Jump to a Section

Glossary

Pop-up div Successfully Displayed