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Adenomatous—pertaining to a benign tumor composed of epithelial cells
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Adulteration—the addition or substitution of an impure, weaker, cheaper, or possibly toxic substance in a formulation or product
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Affinity—a force causing agents to combine
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Agonist—a drug that binds to the receptor and stimulates the receptor's function
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Alimentary—pertaining to the digestive tract
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Alopecia—the absence or loss of hair
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Anabolic—the building of tissues
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Anaerobe—a microorganism that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen
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Androgenic—causing masculinization
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Antigenic—the ability to produce antibodies
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Antiperistaltic—the loss of the wave of contractions in the gastrointestinal tract moving toward the end point
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Antagonists—a drug that has affinity for a cell receptor and, by binding to it, prevents the cell from responding to an agonist
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Arthropathy—general term for joint disease
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Ataxia—defective muscular coordination
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Atrial fibrillation—quivering or spontaneous contraction of individual cardiac muscle fibers
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Attenuated—to make less virulent
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Autoimmune—a condition in which antibodies are produced against the body's own tissues
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Bactericidal—capable of killing bacteria
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Bacteriostatic—inhibiting or retarding bacterial growth
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Basal—baseline or resting
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Bioavailability—the rate and extent to which an active drug or metabolite enters the general circulation, permitting access to the site of action
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Bioequivalence—pertaining to a drug that has the same effect on the body as another drug, usually one nearly identical in its chemical formulation
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Bolus—dose of medication administered rapidly or all at once to decrease the response time
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Buccal—relating to the cheek or mouth
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Capsid—the protein covering around the central core of a virus
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Capsule—a special container made of gelatin, sized for a single dose of a drug
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Centrally acting— pertaining to a drug or medication that works through the central nervous system
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Cardiomyopathy—any disease that affects the heart muscle, diminishing cardiac performance
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Chemotactic—the movement of additional white blood cells to an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators by neutrophils, monocytes, and injured tissue
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Device—an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including any component, part, or accessory, which is intended for the use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals
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Direct acting—pertaining to a drug or medication that works directly on a specific site or tissue
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Dissolution—the process by which a solid enters into solution
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Dyslipidemia—abnormal amount of lipids in the blood
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Efficacy—the ability to produce a desired effect
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Elixir—a clear liquid containing water, alcohol, sweeteners, or flavors; used in the compounding of oral medicines
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Endogenous—produced or originating from within a cell or organism
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Enkephalin—a peptide produced in the brain, which acts as an opioid to produce analgesia
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Enteral—within or by way of the intestine
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Ergogenic—having the ability to increase work, especially to increase the potential for work output
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Exogenous—originating outside an organ or part
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Formulary—a continually revised compilation of pharmaceuticals
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Gluconeogenesis—the formation of glucose from excess amino acids, fats, or other noncarbohydrate sources
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Glucocorticoid—a general classification of adrenal cortical hormones that are primarily active in protecting against stress and in affecting protein and carbohydrate metabolism
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Glycogenolysis—a biochemical process occurring chiefly in the liver and the muscles by which glycogen is broken down into glucose
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Gram-negative—pertaining to inability of bacteria to retain the color of the staining procedure
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Gram-positive—pertaining to ability of bacteria to retain the color of the violet staining procedure
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Guild—an association of people with similar interests or pursuits
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Gynecomastia—enlargement of breast tissue in a male
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Hematocrit—the volume of erythrocytes packed by centrifugation in a given volume of blood. It is expressed as the percentage of total blood volume that consists of erythrocytes
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Hepatotoxic—toxic to the liver
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Hirsutism—condition characterized by excessive growth of hair or the presence of hair in unusual places
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Hyperglycemia—increase in blood glucose
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Hyperinsulinism—a relative or absolute excess of insulin in the blood
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Hyperplasia—increase in the number of cells
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Hypertension— abnormally high blood pressure
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy—impaired filling of the left ventricular chamber of the heart caused by a disorganized growth of the myofibrils and a thickening of the ventricular wall, leading to arrhythmic activity.
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Hypertrophy—an increase in the size of an organ or structure
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Hypoglycemia—decrease of blood glucose
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Jaundice—a condition marked by yellow staining of body tissues and fluids as a result of excessive levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream
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Ketoacidosis—acidosis produced by the presence of excessive amounts of ketones in the body
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Ketone—a substance containing the carbonyl group attached to hydrocarbon groups
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Latency—the period of inactivity between the time a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs
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Macrotrauma—tissue damage from a single, highforce traumatic event
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Microtrauma—tissue damage as a result of chronic, repetitive stresses to local tissues (most often tendons)
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Nephrotoxicity—toxicity to the kidneys
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Neutrophil—the most common type of white blood cell, responsible for the majority of the body's protection from infection
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Non-productive cough—a dry, hacking cough that keeps one up at night and does not produce any mucus or excessive lung drainage
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Nonproprietary—the name of a drug other than its trademarked name
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Ointment—a viscous, semisolid vehicle used to apply medicines to the skin
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Opioids—any drug containing or derived from opium.
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Parenteral—denoting any medication route other than the alimentary canal
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Pharmacodynamics—the study of drugs and their actions on living organisms
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Pharmacokinetics—the study of metabolism and action of drugs with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body, and method of excretion
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Pharmacopeia—a book containing formulas and information that provides a standard for preparation and dispensation of drugs
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Phocomelia—a congenital malformation in which the proximal portions of the extremities are poorly developed or absent
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Photosensitivity—increased sensitivity to light
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Postprandial—following a meal
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Potency—the relative pharmacologic activity of a dose of a compound compared with the dose of a different agent producing the same effects
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Potentiation—the synergistic action of two substances, such as hormones or drugs, in which the total effects are greater than the sum of the independent effects of the two substances
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Precipitation—the process of a substance being separated from a solution
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Prohormone—a precursor of a hormone
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Proprietary—pertaining to the trade name of a drug
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Purity—state of being free of contamination
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Rebound effect—a reflex response in which there is a sudden increase in activity when a stimulus is withdrawn
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Recombinant—pertains to the genetic material combined from different sources
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Reconstitution—the return of a substance previously altered from preservation and storage to its original state
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Rescue inhaler—a bronchodilating metered dose inhaler used during an asthma exacerbation
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Rhabdomyolysis—an acute, sometimes fatal disease in which the byproducts of skeletal muscle destruction accumulate in the renal tubules and produce acute renal failure
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Sinus arrhythmia—cardiac irregularity marked by a variation in the interval between the sinus beats, evidenced by alternately long and short intervals between the P waves on the electrocardiogram
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Solubility—the capability of being dissolved
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Solution—a liquid containing a dissolved substance
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Somnolence—prolonged drowsiness or sleepiness
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Suppository—a semisolid substance for introduction into the rectum, vagina, or urethra, where it dissolves
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Tablet—a small disk-like mass of medicinal powder
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Threshold—point at which a physiological effect begins to be produced
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Tinea—any fungal skin disease
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Tolerance—decreased sensitivity to subsequent doses of the same drug
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Vehicle—an inert agent that carries the active ingredient in a medicine
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Answers to Chapter Questions