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Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter, the student will be able to:
Differentiate between the two major classifications of diabetes mellitus.
Understand the etiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Recognize the signs and symptoms, adverse effects, and complications of diabetes mellitus.
Understand basic glucose metabolism and how insulin affects diabetes mellitus control.
Recognize and identify appropriate blood glucose levels for an individual with diabetes.
Recognize the benefits of diet and exercise for an individual with diabetes.
Identify and recognize the different devices for insulin administration and injection.
Differentiate between the types, onset, duration, and peak action of insulin.
Differentiate between the types and responses of oral antidiabetic agents for treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Recognize the adverse affects of insulin and oral antidiabetic agent therapy.
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According to the American Diabetes Association, approximately 18.2 million people in the United States have diabetes.1 However, only a third of the individuals with diabetes actually know that they have the disease. It is estimated that 5 to 10 percent who are diagnosed with diabetes have type 1 diabetes and the remaining 90 to 95 percent have type 2 diabetes1 (Table 5–1). A third type, gestational diabetes, emerges during pregnancy and is usually reversible after delivery.
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Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, with 213,000 individuals dying of complications of the disease in the year 2000 alone.1 Complications include blindness, kidney disease, heart disease, stroke, impotence, and nontraumatic lower limb amputations (Box 5–1). Individuals from specific ethnic backgrounds, such as Latinos, African-Americans, Native Americans, Asian-Americans, and Pacific islanders, are at a higher risk of developing diabetes. Obesity is also a risk factor.
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BOX 5–1 Complications of Diabetes
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Peripheral
Autonomic
Cardiovascular
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial infarction
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Vascular
Peripheral vascular disease
Stroke
Ketoacidosis
Skin and connective tissue disorders
Insulin resistance
Hyperinsulinemia
Impotence
Nontraumatic amputations
Dental disease
Pregnancy complications
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The cost of managing diabetes is increasing each year. In 2002, direct and indirect health-care expenditures of persons with diabetes totaled $132 ...