Sections View Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Annotate Full Chapter Figures Tables Videos Supplementary Content +++ Clinical Examination of Posture ++Table Graphic Jump LocationTable 3-1Factors Influencing PostureView Table||Download (.pdf) Table 3-1 Factors Influencing Posture Factor Example Neurologic Pathology Winging of the scapula secondary to inhibition of the long thoracic nerve Muscle Imbalances Increased pelvic angles secondary to weak abdominal muscles Hypermobile Joints Genu recurvatum Hypomobile Joints Flexion contracture Decreased Muscle Extensibility Decreased pelvic angles secondary to tightness of the hamstring muscles Bony Abnormalities Toe in or toe out posture secondary to internal or external tibial torsion Leg-Length Discrepancies Functional scoliosis Pain Antalgic posture (e.g., side bending cervical spine to decrease compression on a nerve root) Lack of Postural Awareness Acquired bad habits (e.g., slouching in chair) +++ Inspection ++ Inspection Findings 3-1: Classifications of Body Types Table Graphic Jump Location|Download (.pdf)|Print Ectomorph Mesomorph Endomorph Description Slender, thin build; relatively low body mass index Medium, athletic build, relatively average body mass index Stocky build; relatively high body mass index Joint Shape Small, flat joint surfaces Medium sized joint surfaces Large, concave-convex joint surfaces Muscle Mass Minimal muscle bulk, thin muscles Medium muscle build Thick muscle mass Joint Mobility Increased Within normal limits Decreased Joint Stability Decreased Within normal limits Increased +++ Views of Postural Inspection ++ Inspection Findings 3-2: Assessment of Ideal Posture Table Graphic Jump Location|Download (.pdf)|Print Lateral Anterior Posterior Alignment relative to plumb line: Alignment relative to plumb line: Alignment relative to plumb line: Lower extremity Lateral malleolus: Slightly posterior The tibia should be parallel to the plumb line, and the foot should be at a 90° angle to the tibia Lateral femoral epicondyle: Slightly anterior Greater trochanter: Plumb line bisects Feet: Evenly spaced from plumb line Tibial crests: Slight external rotation Knees: Evenly spaced from plumb line Patella: Facing anteriorly Consistent angulation from joint to joint The lateral malleoli, fibular head, and iliac crests should be bilaterally equal. Feet evenly spaced from plumb line Feet in slight lateral rotation: Lateral two toes are visible Knees evenly spaced from plumb line Consistent angulation from joint to joint Torso Midthoracic region: Plumb line bisects Umbilicus: Plumb line bisects, although abdominal surgical procedures may alter the alignment. Sternum: Plumb line bisects Jugular notch: Plumb line bisects Median sacral crests: Plumb line bisects Spinous processes: Plumb line bisects Paraspinal musculature bilaterally symmetrical Shoulder Acromion process: Plumb line bisects Acromion processes: Evenly spaced from plumb line Shoulder heights equal or dominant side slightly lower Deltoid, anterior chest musculature bilaterally symmetrical and defined Scapular borders: Evenly spaced from plumb line Acromion processes: Evenly spaced from plumb line Deltoid, posterior musculature bilaterally symmetrical Shoulder heights equal or dominant side slightly lower Head and Neck Cervical bodies: Plumb line bisects Auditory meatus: Plumb line bisects Head: Plumb line bisects Nasal bridge: Plumb line bisects Frontal bone: Plumb line bisects Cervical spinous processes: Plumb line bisects Occipital protuberance: Plumb ... Your Access profile is currently affiliated with [InstitutionA] and is in the process of switching affiliations to [InstitutionB]. Please select how you would like to proceed. Keep the current affiliation with [InstitutionA] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Switch affiliation to [InstitutionB] and continue with the Access profile sign in process Get Free Access Through Your Institution Learn how to see if your library subscribes to McGraw Hill Medical products. Subscribe: Institutional or Individual Sign In Error: Incorrect UserName or Password Username Error: Please enter User Name Password Error: Please enter Password Sign in Forgot Password? Forgot Username? Sign in via OpenAthens Sign in via Shibboleth You already have access! Please proceed to your institution's subscription. Create a free profile for additional features.
Inspection Findings 3-1: Classifications of Body Types Inspection Findings 3-2: Assessment of Ideal Posture